PRACTICAL 2 REPORT: DEODORANTS AND ANTI-PERSPIRANTS

INTRODUCTION

Sweating is a normal function of the body that helps us to cool down in the heat and during exercise, signal our emotions, signify hormonal changes and help fight infections. All people past the age of puberty experience armpit or axillary sweating and the body odour that accompanies sweating from this part of the body.For some people sweating and body odour can become a problem especially if it occurs excessively or abnormally. Excessive sweat can be noticeable on clothes, cause discomfort or skin irritation, cause embarrassment in public or social situations and have a big impact on daily life both practically and emotionally.

So, the preparation of deodorants and anti-persprirants nowadays may overcome this problem. Antiperspirants and deodorants are personal hygiene products designed to control sweating and body odour. Antiperspirants and deodorants contain ingredients that control sweat and body odour safely and effectively. They are readily available on the market as sprays (aerosol), sticks, creams or roll-ons.

The terms ‘antiperspirant’ and ‘deodorant’ are often used interchangeably but they do in fact refer to different products. Antiperspirants control sweat and body odour in two ways. Firstly by preventing sweat reaching the skin surface and secondly by eliminating the bacteria that causes body odour via antimicrobial ingredients. Deodorants differ from antiperspirants as they only contain antimicrobial agents to prevent body odour, they do not control the flow of sweat. Both antiperspirants and deodorants often contain fragrances to help mask the smell of body odour.

When an antiperspirant is applied to the skin surface, its active ingredients dissolve in the sweat or moisture on the skin surface of the armpit. The dissolved substance forms a gel, which creates a small temporary ‘plug’ near the top of the sweat gland, significantly reducing the amount of sweat that is secreted to the skin surface. Bathing and washing will remove the antiperspirant gel. Re-application of antiperspirants can be beneficial to help reduce sweating and keep fresh throughout the day.  Antiperspirants reduce underarm sweating but they do not impact on the natural ability of the body to control its temperature (thermoregulation).

OBJECTIVE

1.       To differentiate the function of the ingredients in each formula

2.       To understand the rational and function of the ingredients in each formula.

3.       To evaluate the quality of the product.

PROCEDURE: ROLL-ON DEODORANT

1.       The beeswax and the cocoa butter was heated until they were just melted. The coconut, silicone and vitamin E oils then added into it.

2.       The essential oils and perfume were added when all the oils and fats have melted.

3.       The corn starch were mixed until homogenous by using hand mixer.

4.       The molten mixture were poured into the container and it were allowed to cool and hardens.

Ingredient	Percentage (%)	Weight (g) (for 20g of products)
Beeswax	20	4.0
Cocoa Butter	30	6.0
Coconut Oil	30	6.0
Silicone Oil	3	0.6
Vitamin E Oil	2	0.4
Corn Starch	12	2.4
Essential Oil / Perfumes	Not more than 3	0.6

Essentials and perfumed oils, in addition to fragrance that they impart, also act as antimicrobial agents. However, they may also causes instability to the products and irritation to the skin. Five different products using the formula above were produced by using five difference essentials oils/perfumes.

EVALUATION TEST

a)      Melting point test: This test is done by placing a small quantity of deodorant of the five deodorant formulations (A, B, C, D, E, and F) into an evaporating dish. Then, the deodorant is then heated on a water bath for even heating. The temperature at which the lipstick started to melt (first appearance of liquid formation) was recorded as the melting point of the lipstick.

Lipstick	Melting point (˚C)
A	65
B	60
C	66
D	64
E	64
F	65

b)      Stability testing is simply an experiment in which we need to create a batch of our formula and put samples of it at different environmental conditions for a set period of time. These conditions vary in temperature and light levels and are meant to simulate what will happen to the product during its life cycle. The lipsticks were placed for stability studies at temperature 20-25°C (in a dark place), 25-30⁰C (beside the window) 30-40°C (direct sunlight/outdoor) for two weeks and were observed for effects like sweating, bleeding, streaking, and blooming.

i)                    Physical and chemical integrity tests: evaluate sweating, blooming, colour, odour / fragrance, viscosity and texture

TYPES OF LIPSTICK/ TEST	DEODORANT A	DEODORANT B	DEODORANT C	DEODORANT D	DEODORANT E		DEODORANT F
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST	20-25°C (in a dark place),
	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour		-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour
	25-30⁰C (beside window)
	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour
	30-40°C UNDER THE SUN
	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour	-the texture  has soften and feels slippery between finger tips -slight change in odour	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour	-the texture has soften -slight change in odour	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour

DISCUSSION

There are several important substnces needed for the preparation. They are heated on water bath until they are melted.  Beeswax comes usually as white flakes with a faint honey odor. It is soluble in oils and warm alcohol, but insoluble in water or cold alcohol.

Beeswax is used primarily as thickener and emollient, but has also emulsifying properties, to help from separating into its oil and liquid components, especially in cosmetics and personal care products that require a creamy consistency.Cocoa butter is used to slow down the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Coconut oil is used as the medium to increase the viscosity, surfactant and increases the opacity. Corn Starch is an opacifying agent.

CONCLUSION

The function of the ingredients in each formula have been differentiated. We have understood the rational and function of the ingredients in each formula and the quality of the product has been evaluated.

REFERENCE

http://www.antiperspirantsinfo.com/en/antiperspirants-and-deodorants/