PRACTICAL 2 REPORT: DEODORANTS AND ANTI-PERSPIRANTS

INTRODUCTION

Sweating is a normal function of the body that helps us to cool down in the heat and during exercise, signal our emotions, signify hormonal changes and help fight infections. All people past the age of puberty experience armpit or axillary sweating and the body odour that accompanies sweating from this part of the body.For some people sweating and body odour can become a problem especially if it occurs excessively or abnormally. Excessive sweat can be noticeable on clothes, cause discomfort or skin irritation, cause embarrassment in public or social situations and have a big impact on daily life both practically and emotionally.

So, the preparation of deodorants and anti-persprirants nowadays may overcome this problem. Antiperspirants and deodorants are personal hygiene products designed to control sweating and body odour. Antiperspirants and deodorants contain ingredients that control sweat and body odour safely and effectively. They are readily available on the market as sprays (aerosol), sticks, creams or roll-ons.

The terms ‘antiperspirant’ and ‘deodorant’ are often used interchangeably but they do in fact refer to different products. Antiperspirants control sweat and body odour in two ways. Firstly by preventing sweat reaching the skin surface and secondly by eliminating the bacteria that causes body odour via antimicrobial ingredients. Deodorants differ from antiperspirants as they only contain antimicrobial agents to prevent body odour, they do not control the flow of sweat. Both antiperspirants and deodorants often contain fragrances to help mask the smell of body odour.

When an antiperspirant is applied to the skin surface, its active ingredients dissolve in the sweat or moisture on the skin surface of the armpit. The dissolved substance forms a gel, which creates a small temporary ‘plug’ near the top of the sweat gland, significantly reducing the amount of sweat that is secreted to the skin surface. Bathing and washing will remove the antiperspirant gel. Re-application of antiperspirants can be beneficial to help reduce sweating and keep fresh throughout the day.  Antiperspirants reduce underarm sweating but they do not impact on the natural ability of the body to control its temperature (thermoregulation).

OBJECTIVE

1.       To differentiate the function of the ingredients in each formula

2.       To understand the rational and function of the ingredients in each formula.

3.       To evaluate the quality of the product.

PROCEDURE: ROLL-ON DEODORANT

1.       The beeswax and the cocoa butter was heated until they were just melted. The coconut, silicone and vitamin E oils then added into it.

2.       The essential oils and perfume were added when all the oils and fats have melted.

3.       The corn starch were mixed until homogenous by using hand mixer.

4.       The molten mixture were poured into the container and it were allowed to cool and hardens.

Ingredient	Percentage (%)	Weight (g) (for 20g of products)
Beeswax	20	4.0
Cocoa Butter	30	6.0
Coconut Oil	30	6.0
Silicone Oil	3	0.6
Vitamin E Oil	2	0.4
Corn Starch	12	2.4
Essential Oil / Perfumes	Not more than 3	0.6

Essentials and perfumed oils, in addition to fragrance that they impart, also act as antimicrobial agents. However, they may also causes instability to the products and irritation to the skin. Five different products using the formula above were produced by using five difference essentials oils/perfumes.

EVALUATION TEST

a)      Melting point test: This test is done by placing a small quantity of deodorant of the five deodorant formulations (A, B, C, D, E, and F) into an evaporating dish. Then, the deodorant is then heated on a water bath for even heating. The temperature at which the lipstick started to melt (first appearance of liquid formation) was recorded as the melting point of the lipstick.

Lipstick	Melting point (˚C)
A	65
B	60
C	66
D	64
E	64
F	65

b)      Stability testing is simply an experiment in which we need to create a batch of our formula and put samples of it at different environmental conditions for a set period of time. These conditions vary in temperature and light levels and are meant to simulate what will happen to the product during its life cycle. The lipsticks were placed for stability studies at temperature 20-25°C (in a dark place), 25-30⁰C (beside the window) 30-40°C (direct sunlight/outdoor) for two weeks and were observed for effects like sweating, bleeding, streaking, and blooming.

i)                    Physical and chemical integrity tests: evaluate sweating, blooming, colour, odour / fragrance, viscosity and texture

TYPES OF LIPSTICK/ TEST	DEODORANT A	DEODORANT B	DEODORANT C	DEODORANT D	DEODORANT E		DEODORANT F
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST	20-25°C (in a dark place),
	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour	-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour		-the texture is firm and soft -no significant change in odour
	25-30⁰C (beside window)
	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour	-the texture has slightly soften -slight appearance of sweating -no significant change in odour
	30-40°C UNDER THE SUN
	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour	-the texture  has soften and feels slippery between finger tips -slight change in odour	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour	-the texture has soften -slight change in odour	-the texture has soften -no significant change in odour

DISCUSSION

There are several important substnces needed for the preparation. They are heated on water bath until they are melted.  Beeswax comes usually as white flakes with a faint honey odor. It is soluble in oils and warm alcohol, but insoluble in water or cold alcohol.

Beeswax is used primarily as thickener and emollient, but has also emulsifying properties, to help from separating into its oil and liquid components, especially in cosmetics and personal care products that require a creamy consistency.Cocoa butter is used to slow down the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin's surface. Coconut oil is used as the medium to increase the viscosity, surfactant and increases the opacity. Corn Starch is an opacifying agent.

CONCLUSION

The function of the ingredients in each formula have been differentiated. We have understood the rational and function of the ingredients in each formula and the quality of the product has been evaluated.

REFERENCE

http://www.antiperspirantsinfo.com/en/antiperspirants-and-deodorants/

PRACTICAL 1 REPORT (LIPSTICK)

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, lipstick formulations are most widely used to enhance the beauty of lips and to add glamour touch to the makeup, especially for women. Lipsticks are cosmetic formulations for modification or accentuation of lip color and texture. Lipsticks provide a convenient means of either freshening a makeup by coloring or protection of lips from the effects of cold, dry weather, UV light and wind.

The main ingredients of lipstick are pigments, oil, waxes and emollients. These are used for color, texture and protection of the lips. In the early period, limited colors of lipstick were produced. Red was the only color of lipstick in its verge. There were hardly some pink colored lipsticks in the market. But nowadays, different colored lipsticks are available in the market. Red, pink, orange, violate, wood color even black colored lipsticks are also seen.

OBJECTIVE

1.       To differentiate the function of the ingredients in each formula

2.       To understand the rational and function of the ingredients in each formula.

3.       To evaluate the quality of the product.

PROCEDURE 

1.       Firstly, phase B is done first. 1.7 white beeswax, cocoa butter are heated.

2.       Vitamin E acetate , Vaseline and honey are added to the melted mixture.

3.       Next, a few drops of paraben is added.

4.       Phase  A is prepared. All the substances are added together and heated.

5.       The end product is added into special packaging.

PHASE A	PHASE B	PHASE C
15ml castor oil	1.7g white beeswax	2-3 drop paraben ( 0.1% methyl paraben solution)
0.5g D&C red pigments	1.0g Cocoa butter
0.5g Mica pigments	1.3ml Vitamin E acetate
	0.5g Vaseline
	0.6ml Honey(for taste)

DISCUSSION

Lipstick is a type of cosmetics which is applied on lip to colour it. It is mainly used by female. In the early period general people did not use lipstick. Only actresses used lipstick.So,this practical was conducted to produce one of the common cosmetics products which are lipsticks. There were a few substances that used in the making of lipsticks which is castor oil, D&C red pigments, mica pigments, white beeswax, cocoa butter, vitamin E acetate, Vaseline, honey and paraben. Each of them has their own roles to produce a good lipsticks product.

Castor oils isone of the examples of oils that are commonly used in lipsticks. But, depending on the type of product, may also be mineral oil or lanolin oils or other solvents which also can mix well with other components as well as the colouring agent.Castor oil has been used for many years but is now less often utilized. It has excellent pigment-dispersing properties because of its polarity. It main inconvenience isdue to unpleasant taste and odour (caused by oxidation). Hence, castor oil gradually being replaced by stable, odourless, fatty acid esters.

D&C red pigment is a synthetic dye produced from petroleum or coal tar sources. This dye is FDA-approved for use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.The ingredient may be derived from animals.Pigments from animal, plant, and synthetic sources used to colour foods, cosmetics, and other products. Thus, D&C red pigment act as cosmetic colorants in the making of lipstick. Mica pigment also used for coloured the product plus, it can give sparkling effect too.

 Beeswax comes usually as white flakes with a faint honey odour. It is soluble in oils and warm alcohol, but insoluble in water or cold alcohol. Beeswax is used primarily as thickener and emollient, but has also emulsifying properties. It is used in a large variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, pomades, balms, ointments, lipsticks, mascara, foundations, or eye shadows.

Cocoa butter, also called cacao butter, is the cream-colored fat extracted from cacao seeds (cocoa beans) and used to add flavour, scent, and smoothness to chocolate, cosmetics, tanning oil, soap, and a multitude of topical lotions and creams. In cosmetics, a water- soluble form of vitamin E is also being used. It is mainly used as an anti-oxidant and skin conditioning agent.

Next, vaselin also used to make a lipstick. It gives function as an emollient. It achieves this effect by restricting water loss from the skin, making it an ideal skin-conditioning agent for dry (xerotic) skin.Honey also has applications when it comes to cosmetics products. Honey has anti-inflammatory properties and also functions as antioxidant. Dark honey has a stronger antioxidant effect compared with light honey. Lastly, paraben are used to prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetics products and can be absorbed through skin, blood and the digestive system.

EVALUATION TEST

a)      Melting point test: This test is done by placing a small quantity of lipstick of the five lipstick formulation (A, B, C, D, E, and F) into an evaporating dish. Then, the lipstick is then heated on a water bath for even heating. The temperature at which the lipstick started to melt (first appearance of liquid formation) was recorded as the melting point of the lipstick.

Lipstick	Melting point (˚C)
A	57
B	56
C	56
D	54
E	54
F	55

b)      Stability testing is simply an experiment in which we need to create a batch of our formula and put samples of it at different environmental conditions for a set period of time. These conditions vary in temperature and light levels and are meant to simulate what will happen to the product during its life cycle. The lipsticks were placed for stability studies at temperature 20-25°C (in a dark place), 25-30⁰C (beside the window) 30-40°C (direct sunlight/outdoor) for two weeks and were observed for effects like sweating, bleeding, streaking, and blooming.

i)                    Physical and chemical integrity tests: evaluate sweating, blooming, colour, odour / fragrance, viscosity and texture

TYPES OF LIPSTICK/ TEST	LIPSTICK A	LIPSTICK B	LIPSTICK C	LIPSTICK D	LIPSTICK E		LIPSTICK F
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TEST	20-25°C (in a dark place),
	-blooming, shine -the texture is soft -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture slightly soften -sweating -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is soft -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is soft -slightly sweating -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is soft -odourless -no significant colour change		-blooming, shine -the texture is soft -odourless -no significant colour change
	25-30⁰C (beside window)
	-blooming, shine -the texture has soften and feels slippery between fingers -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture has soften and feels slippery between fingers -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture has soften and feels slippery between fingers -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture has soften and feels slippery between fingers -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture has soften and feels slippery between fingers -odourless -no significant colour change
	30-40°C UNDER THE SUN
	-blooming, shine -the texture is very soft -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is very soft and feels oily -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is very soft and feels slightly oily -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is very soft and feels oily -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is very soft -odourless -no significant colour change	-blooming, shine -the texture is very soft -odourless -no significant colour change

CONCLUSION

The different function of the ingredients in making lipstick is determined. The effect of varying phase A and phase B ingredients of lipstick formulation on its physical properties like melting point and stability is studied. The main component of a lipstick is a mixture of oil and wax. This will produce a soft texture lipstick when being applied on lips but still firm enough to hold its shape in the cartridge case. The hardness of the lipstick increase with the amount of beeswax used in the formulation. Castor oil produces a more viscous product thus making it to easily apply

REFERENCES

http://rusticescentuals.com/Micas-Oxides-and-Pigments

http://www.makingcosmetics.com/articles/28-waxes-used-in-cosmetics.pdf